The connettivi that structure an argument — concession, cause, consequence, purpose and condition — and the mood each one triggers.

• benchéConcession (although / even though) — takes the CONGIUNTIVOBenché sia stanco, continuo a lavorare = Although I'm tired, I keep working
• sebbeneConcession (although) — same as benché, takes the CONGIUNTIVOSebbene piova, usciamo = Although it's raining, we go out
• nonostanteConcession (despite / even though) — takes the CONGIUNTIVONonostante sia tardi, studio ancora = Despite it being late, I'm still studying
• malgradoConcession (despite / in spite of) — formal, takes the CONGIUNTIVOMalgrado faccia freddo, esco = In spite of it being cold, I go out
• per quantoConcession (however much / no matter how) — takes the CONGIUNTIVOPer quanto sia difficile, ci provo = However hard it is, I'll try
• anche seConcession (even if / even though) — takes the INDICATIVE (not the subjunctive)Anche se è tardi, lavoro = Even though it's late, I work
• affinchéPurpose (so that / in order that) — always takes the CONGIUNTIVOTe lo spiego affinché tu capisca = I explain it so that you understand
• perché (so that)Purpose (so that) — takes the CONGIUNTIVO; note perché = 'because' takes the indicativeParlo piano perché tu capisca = I speak slowly so that you understand
• in modo chePurpose (so that / in such a way that) — takes the CONGIUNTIVOScrivo tutto in modo che sia chiaro = I write everything so that it's clear
• a meno che (non)Condition (unless) — takes the CONGIUNTIVO; the 'non' is expletive, not a real negativeVengo, a meno che non piova = I'll come, unless it rains
• purchéCondition (provided that / as long as) — takes the CONGIUNTIVOTi aiuto purché tu studi = I'll help you provided you study
• a patto cheCondition (on condition that) — takes the CONGIUNTIVOEsco a patto che tu venga = I'll go out on condition that you come
• nel caso (in cui)Condition (in case / in the event that) — takes the CONGIUNTIVOTi chiamo nel caso ci sia un problema = I'll call you in case there's a problem
• poichéCause (since / because) — takes the INDICATIVE; formal registerResto a casa poiché piove = I stay home since it's raining
• siccomeCause (since / as) — INDICATIVE; usually opens the sentence, reason firstSiccome è tardi, vado a dormire = Since it's late, I'm going to sleep
• dato cheCause (given that) — takes the INDICATIVE; states a reason as a given factDato che hai tempo, aiutami = Given that you have time, help me
• visto cheCause (seeing that / since) — takes the INDICATIVE; common in speechVisto che sei qui, restiamo insieme = Since you're here, let's stay together
• dal momento cheCause (since / given that) — takes the INDICATIVE; slightly formalDal momento che lo sai, dimmelo = Since you know it, tell me
• quindiConsequence (so / therefore) — INDICATIVE; draws a conclusionPiove, quindi resto a casa = It's raining, so I stay home
• perciòConsequence (therefore / for this reason) — takes the INDICATIVESono stanco, perciò vado a letto = I'm tired, therefore I go to bed
• dunqueConsequence (so / thus) — INDICATIVE; also a discourse filler ('well then')Penso, dunque sono = I think, therefore I am
• di conseguenzaConsequence (consequently / as a result) — takes the INDICATIVEHa studiato; di conseguenza, ha superato l'esame = He studied; consequently, he passed the exam
• pertantoConsequence (therefore) — INDICATIVE; formal/written registerIl treno è in ritardo; pertanto aspettiamo = The train is late; therefore we wait
• tuttaviaContrast (however / nevertheless) — takes the INDICATIVE; links a contrasting clauseÈ difficile; tuttavia ci provo = It's hard; however, I'll try
• inveceContrast (instead / on the other hand) — takes the INDICATIVELui dorme, io invece lavoro = He sleeps, I instead work
• mentre (contrast)Contrast (whereas) — INDICATIVE; sets two facts against each other (also = 'while')Io leggo, mentre lei guarda la TV = I read, whereas she watches TV
• eppureContrast (and yet / nevertheless) — takes the INDICATIVE; marks something surprisingStudia poco, eppure capisce tutto = He studies little, and yet understands everything
• peròContrast (but / however) — takes the INDICATIVE; very common in speechMi piace, però costa troppo = I like it, but it costs too much