The little words that hold a sentence together.

• は (wa)topic marker — "as for…"わたしはがくせいです = I am a student
• が (ga)subject — points out the specific oneだれがきますか = Who is coming?
• を (o)direct object markerパンをたべます = I eat bread
• に (ni)destination, time, or location of existenceしちじにおきます = I get up at 7
• で (de)place of action / meansでんしゃでいきます = I go by train
• へ (e)direction of movement (≈ に)がっこうへいきます = I go to school
• と (to)"and" (full list) / "with"ともだちとはなします = I talk with a friend
• も (mo)"also / too" — replaces は・が・をわたしもいきます = I will go too
• の (no)possessive / links two nounsわたしのほん = my book
• から (kara)"from" / "because"くじからはたらきます = I work from 9
• まで (made)"until / up to"ごじまではたらきます = I work until 5
• や (ya)"and" — a partial, non-exhaustive listほんやノートがあります = There are books, notebooks, etc.
• か (ka)question marker — turns a sentence into a questionがくせいですか = Are you a student?
• ね (ne)seeking agreement — "right? / isn’t it?"いいてんきですね = Nice weather, isn’t it?
• よ (yo)emphasis / new info — "you know / I tell you"おいしいですよ = It’s delicious, you know
• に (ni) — timeに also marks a point in timeにちようびにいきます = I go on Sunday
• で (de) — reasonで can mark cause/reasonびょうきでやすみます = I rest because of illness
• から (kara) — becauseから after a clause = becauseたかいですから、かいません = Because it’s expensive, I won’t buy it