The connectors that structure an argument — concession, cause, consequence, purpose, condition and contrast.

• aunqueConcession — indicative when the fact is real/known (aunque llueve = it's raining); subjunctive when hypothetical or conceded (aunque llueva = even if it rains).even though / although / even if
• sin embargoContrast — sentence-linking marker, no mood change. Opens a clause that contradicts the previous one. Indicative.however / nevertheless
• por lo tantoConsequence — draws a logical conclusion. No mood change; indicative.therefore
• para quePurpose — ALWAYS takes the subjunctive (para que vengas = so that you come). Use when the two subjects differ.so that / in order that
• ya queCause — gives a known reason, often info the listener already shares. Indicative.since / as / given that
• a pesar de (que)Concession — 'a pesar de' + noun/infinitive; 'a pesar de que' + clause (indicative for facts, subjunctive if hypothetical).in spite of / despite (the fact that)
• aun asíConcession — links sentences ('and yet, still'). No mood change; indicative.even so / still
• por mucho queConcession — normally takes the SUBJUNCTIVE (por mucho que trabajes = no matter how much you work). Stresses effort that won't change the outcome.no matter how much / however much
• puesto queCause — formal; gives a reason taken as established fact. Indicative.since / given that
• debido a (que)Cause — formal; 'debido a' + noun, 'debido a que' + clause. Indicative.due to / because of (the fact that)
• dado queCause — states a premise as a given. Indicative.given that / since
• así queConsequence — informal, very common in speech (no tengo tiempo, así que me voy). Indicative.so / therefore
• de modo queConsequence (indicative: de modo que no vino = so he didn't come) OR purpose (SUBJUNCTIVE: de modo que entiendas = so that you understand). The mood signals which.so / so that
• por consiguienteConsequence — formal/written register. No mood change; indicative.consequently
• a fin de quePurpose — ALWAYS takes the subjunctive; formal equivalent of 'para que' (a fin de que todos lo sepan).in order that / so that
• con el fin dePurpose — + infinitive (con el fin de mejorar). Use 'con el fin de que' + SUBJUNCTIVE when subjects differ.with the aim of / in order to
• siempre queCondition — takes the SUBJUNCTIVE for a condition (siempre que puedas = as long as you can). Note: + indicative it means 'whenever / every time that'.as long as / provided that
• a no ser queCondition — ALWAYS takes the subjunctive (a no ser que llueva = unless it rains).unless
• en cambioContrast — links sentences to mark opposition ('on the other hand'). No mood change; indicative.on the other hand / instead
• mientras queContrast — sets two facts against each other (yo trabajo, mientras que él descansa). Indicative. (Distinct from 'mientras' = while/during.)whereas / while
• no obstanteContrast — formal equivalent of 'sin embargo'. No mood change; indicative.nevertheless / however
• ademásAddition — adds a reinforcing point ('what's more'). No mood change; indicative.besides / moreover / in addition
• por una parte… por otra (parte)Sequence/contrast — balances two sides of an argument. No mood change; indicative.on the one hand… on the other (hand)
• en primer lugarSequence — orders the first point of an argument (followed by 'en segundo lugar', 'por último'). No mood change; indicative.in the first place / firstly