TOPIK I grammar — clause connectors, obligation, comparison and softening endings. · TOPIK I

• ~(으)니까 (because / since — reason)비가 오니까 집에 있어요.Since it's raining, I stay home.
• ~기 때문에 (because of — reason)날씨가 좋기 때문에 공원에 가요.Because the weather is good, I go to the park.
• ~기 전에 (before doing)자기 전에 책을 읽어요.I read a book before sleeping.
• ~ㄴ/은 후에 (after doing)밥을 먹은 후에 커피를 마셔요.After eating, I drink coffee.
• ~ㄹ/을 때 (when / at the time of)학교에 갈 때 버스를 타요.When I go to school, I take the bus.
• ~ㄴ/는 것 (nominalizer — the act of)책을 읽는 것을 좋아해요.I like reading books.
• ~아야/어야 되다 (must / have to)지금 가야 돼요.I have to go now.
• ~아도/어도 되다 (may / it's okay to)여기에서 자도 돼요?Is it okay to sleep here?
• ~(으)면 (if / when)비가 오면 집에 있어요.If it rains, I stay home.
• ~보다 (than — comparison)기차가 버스보다 빨라요.The train is faster than the bus.
• 제일 / 가장 (most / -est — superlative)이 가게가 제일 싸요.This shop is the cheapest.
• ~게 (adverb-forming — '-ly')맛있게 드세요.Enjoy your meal. (lit. Eat deliciously.)
• ~ㄹ게요 (I'll — promise / intention)제가 내일 전화할게요.I'll call you tomorrow.
• ~네요 (mild surprise / realization)날씨가 정말 좋네요.The weather is really nice!
• ~지요? / ~죠? (right? — seeking agreement)이 음식 맛있지요?This food is delicious, right?
• ~(으)ㄹ래요 (would like to / will — casual intent)저는 차를 마실래요.I'll have tea.
• ~(으)ㄴ 적이 있다 (have ever done — experience)비행기를 탄 적이 있어요.I have ridden an airplane before.
• ~아 주다/어 주다 (do for someone — favor)친구를 도와줬어요.I helped my friend.
• ~ㄴ/는데 (background / contrast setup)비가 오는데 우산이 없어요.It's raining, but I don't have an umbrella.
• ~(으)면서 (while — simultaneous action)음악을 들으면서 책을 읽어요.I read a book while listening to music.