Free CAPLE B2 flashcards
80 CAPLE B2 flashcards across the core themes, studied with real spaced repetition. Upper-intermediate: the imperfect subjunctive, the compound tenses, and the connectors that structure an argument. Free, no signup, works in your browser.
CAPLE B2 is where European Portuguese becomes nuanced — the imperfect subjunctive (imperfeito do conjuntivo) for hypotheticals (se eu tivesse tempo…), the compound tenses built with ter (tinha falado, teria falado) for layered timelines, and the connectors (embora, para que, a não ser que…) that govern the conjuntivo and structure an argument. EverFlip schedules it all with real FSRS spaced repetition. Build on B1 first; your progress saves in your browser and exports to Anki anytime.
Argue and nuance
The imperfect subjunctive (imperfeito do conjuntivo)
Study these 26 →- Formação regular: do radical da 3.ª pessoa do plural do pretérito + -ssefalaram → fala-; comeram → come-; viveram → vive-; then add -sse endingsfalaram → que eu falasse; comeram → que eu comesse
- se eu falasse / se tu falasses / se ele falasseI/you/he (falar) — imperfect subjunctive; eu and ele share one formif I/you/he spoke
- se nós falássemos / se eles falassemwe/they (falar) — note the accent: falássemos (stress on the á)if we/they spoke
- se eu comesse / se tu comesses / se ele comesseI/you/he (comer) — imperfect subjunctive; eu and ele are identicalif I/you/he ate
- se nós comêssemos / se eles comessemwe/they (comer) — note the accent: comêssemos (circumflex ê)if we/they ate
- se eu vivesse / se tu vivesses / se ele vivesseI/you/he (viver) — imperfect subjunctiveif I/you/he lived
- se nós vivêssemos / se eles vivessemwe/they (viver) — note the accent: vivêssemos (circumflex ê)if we/they lived
- se eu trabalhasse / se eles trabalhassemI/they (trabalhar) — regular -ar verbif I/they worked
- se eu bebesse / se ele bebesseI/he (beber) — regular -er verb, from beberamif I/he drank
- se eu fosse / se tu fosses / se ele fosse(ser AND ir — same form!) — irregular, from foram; context decides which verbif I were / if I went
- Se eu fosse rico... / Se eu fosse a casa...fosse = ser ('were') in the first, ir ('went') in the second — only context tells them apartIf I were rich... / If I went home...
- se nós fôssemos / se eles fossemwe/they (ser/ir) — irregular; note the accent fôssemos (circumflex ô)if we/they were / went
- se eu tivesse / se tu tivesses / se ele tivesseI/you/he (ter) — irregular, from tiveramif I/you/he had
- se nós tivéssemos / se eles tivessemwe/they (ter) — note the accent tivéssemos (stress on é)if we/they had
- se eu fizesse / se ele fizesseI/he (fazer) — irregular, from fizeramif I/he did/made
- se eu pudesse / se tu pudesses / se ele pudesseI/you/he (poder) — irregular, from puderamif I/you/he could
- se eu dissesse / se ele dissesseI/he (dizer) — irregular, from disseramif I/he said
- se eu estivesse / se ele estivesseI/he (estar) — irregular, from estiveramif I/he were (estar)
- se eu viesse / se eles viessemI/they (vir) — irregular, from vieramif I/they came
- se eu quisesse / se ele quisesseI/he (querer) — irregular, from quiseramif I/he wanted
- Se eu tivesse tempo, viajava mais.if-clause: imperfeito do conjuntivo + imperfeito do indicativo (colloquial EP)If I had time, I would travel more.
- Se eu tivesse tempo, viajaria mais.same idea, more formal: imperfect subjunctive + conditional (condicional)If I had time, I would travel more.
- Se fosse a ti, não dizia nada.advice with 'Se fosse a ti...' (if I were you); fosse = ser hereIf I were you, I wouldn't say anything.
- Queria que viesses connosco.past trigger: queria (que) + imperfect subjunctive (viesses, vir)I wanted you to come with us.
- Era importante que estudasses mais.impersonal past trigger 'era importante que' + imperfect subjunctiveIt was important that you studied more.
- Gostaria que me ajudasses, se pudesses.polite softener: gostaria que + imperfect subjunctive; double trigger with se pudessesI would like you to help me, if you could.
Compound tenses (tempos compostos)
Study these 26 →- Em português, o auxiliar dos tempos compostos é TER (não haver)everyday auxiliary is ter; haver + particípio is literary/formal onlyTinha falado = I had spoken (not 'Havia falado' in normal speech)
- Particípios regulares: -ar → -ado; -er / -ir → -idothe participle stays invariable after terfalar → falado; comer → comido; viver → vivido
- Pretérito mais-que-perfeito composto = ter (imperfeito) + particípioimperfeito de ter: tinha / tinhas / tinha / tínhamos / tinhamthe 'had done' tense — an action before another past action
- tinha falado / tinhas falado / tinha faladoI/you/he — mais-que-perfeito (falar); eu and ele share one formI/you/he had spoken
- tínhamos falado / tinham faladowe/they — mais-que-perfeito; accent on tínhamos (proparoxítona)we/they had spoken
- tinha comido / tinhas comido / tinha comidoI/you/he — mais-que-perfeito (comer)I/you/he had eaten
- tínhamos vivido / tinham vividowe/they — mais-que-perfeito (viver)we/they had lived
- Já tinha comido quando ela chegoumais-que-perfeito + já = action completed before another past momentI had already eaten when she arrived
- Quando cheguei, eles ainda não tinham saídomais-que-perfeito in the negative (ainda não = not yet)When I arrived, they had not yet left
- Condicional composto = ter (condicional) + particípiocondicional de ter: teria / terias / teria / teríamos / teriamthe 'would have done' tense — also called futuro do pretérito composto
- teria falado / terias falado / teria faladoI/you/he — condicional composto (falar)I/you/he would have spoken
- teríamos falado / teriam faladowe/they — condicional composto; accent on teríamoswe/they would have spoken
- Teria gostado de ir, mas não pudecondicional composto for an unrealised wish in the pastI would have liked to go, but I couldn't
- Teria ido contigo se tivesse sabidocondicional composto + mais-que-perfeito do conjuntivo (irreal past)I would have gone with you if I had known
- Eles teriam comido tudo se não os tivéssemos paradowe/they condicional composto in a counterfactualThey would have eaten everything if we hadn't stopped them
- Particípios irregulares: fazer → feito; dizer → dito; ver → vistomemorise these — they replace the -ado/-ido form entirelyfeito = done/made; dito = said; visto = seen
- Mais irregulares: pôr → posto; escrever → escrito; abrir → abertoalso: vir → vindo, pagar → pago, ganhar → ganhoposto = put; escrito = written; aberto = opened
- Tinha feito o trabalho antes do prazomais-que-perfeito with irregular participle feito (fazer)I had done the work before the deadline
- Já tínhamos visto esse filmemais-que-perfeito with irregular participle visto (ver)We had already seen that film
- Teria dito a verdade, mas ninguém perguntoucondicional composto with irregular participle dito (dizer)I would have told the truth, but no one asked
- Pretérito perfeito composto do conjuntivo = tenha + particípiopresente do conjuntivo de ter: tenha / tenhas / tenha / tenhamos / tenhamsubjunctive 'has/have done' — used after que + emotion/doubt about a past event
- Espero que tenha chegado bemcompound subjunctive (tenha + chegado) after espero queI hope (he/you) has/have arrived safely
- Duvido que eles tenham feito tudocompound subjunctive (tenham + feito) after a verb of doubtI doubt that they have done everything
- Mais-que-perfeito do conjuntivo = tivesse + particípioimperfeito do conjuntivo de ter: tivesse / tivesses / tivesse / tivéssemos / tivessemsubjunctive 'had done' — pairs with the condicional composto in 'if' clauses
- Se tivesses estudado, terias passado no examese + mais-que-perfeito do conjuntivo, + condicional composto (irreal past)If you had studied, you would have passed the exam
- Embora tivéssemos saído cedo, chegámos atrasadosmais-que-perfeito do conjuntivo after embora (although)Although we had left early, we arrived late
B2 connectors & discourse markers (conectores)
Study these 28 →- emboraconcession (although / even though) — takes the conjuntivoEmbora seja difícil, vou tentar = Although it's hard, I'll try
- ainda queconcession (even if / even though) — takes the conjuntivoAinda que chova, saímos = Even if it rains, we're going out
- mesmo queconcession (even if) — takes the conjuntivoMesmo que custe, vale a pena = Even if it costs, it's worth it
- conquantoconcession (although; formal/literary) — takes the conjuntivoConquanto seja jovem, é maduro = Although he's young, he's mature
- por mais queconcession (however much / no matter how much) — takes the conjuntivoPor mais que tente, não consigo = However much I try, I can't
- mesmo seconcession of a real/likely fact (even if) — takes the indicativeMesmo se está cansado, trabalha = Even if he's tired, he works
- apesar de + infinitivoconcession (despite) — takes the infinitive, not the conjuntivoApesar de saber, não disse = Despite knowing, he didn't say
- para quepurpose (so that / in order that) — takes the conjuntivoFalo claro para que entendas = I speak clearly so you understand
- a fim de quepurpose (in order that; more formal) — takes the conjuntivoEscrevi a fim de que saibas = I wrote so that you'd know
- a não ser quecondition (unless) — takes the conjuntivoNão vou, a não ser que venhas = I won't go, unless you come
- desde quecondition (provided that / as long as) — takes the conjuntivoAjudo-te, desde que peças = I'll help you, as long as you ask
- casocondition (in case / if) — takes the conjuntivoCaso precises, liga-me = In case you need, call me
- contanto quecondition (as long as / provided that) — takes the conjuntivoVou, contanto que haja tempo = I'll go, provided there's time
- visto quecause (since / given that) — takes the indicativeVisto que choveu, ficámos = Since it rained, we stayed
- já quecause (since / seeing that) — takes the indicativeJá que estás aqui, ajuda = Since you're here, help
- uma vez quecause (since / once / given that) — takes the indicativeUma vez que sabes, explica = Since you know, explain
- dado quecause (given that) — takes the indicativeDado que é tarde, vou dormir = Given that it's late, I'll sleep
- poiscause (for / because; mid-sentence) — takes the indicativeNão saí, pois estava doente = I didn't go out, for I was ill
- portantoconsequence (therefore / so) — takes the indicativeEstudei, portanto passei = I studied, therefore I passed
- por issoconsequence (that's why / for that reason) — takes the indicativeChoveu, por isso fiquei = It rained, that's why I stayed
- logoconsequence (hence / therefore) — takes the indicativePenso, logo existo = I think, therefore I am
- de modo queconsequence (so that / with the result that) — takes the indicative for resultFalou alto, de modo que ouvi = He spoke loud, so I heard
- por conseguinteconsequence (consequently; formal) — takes the indicativeFaltou, por conseguinte reprovou = He was absent, consequently he failed
- no entantocontrast (however / nevertheless) — takes the indicativeÉ caro; no entanto, comprei = It's expensive; however, I bought it
- contudocontrast (yet / however; formal) — takes the indicativeTentei; contudo, falhei = I tried; yet, I failed
- todaviacontrast (nevertheless / however; literary) — takes the indicativeEra tarde; todavia, esperei = It was late; nevertheless, I waited
- porémcontrast (however / but) — takes the indicativeQuis ir; porém, não pude = I wanted to go; but I couldn't
- enquanto (que)contrast (whereas) — takes the indicativeEu leio, enquanto ele dorme = I read, whereas he sleeps