JLPT N1 grammar list
188 core JLPT N1 grammar patterns, each paired with an example sentence and studied with real spaced repetition. Free, no signup, works in your browser.
N1 grammar is the formal, written and literary register — the patterns of editorials, law and academic prose, where nuance and concession carry the meaning. The list below is EverFlip's curated core, none of it repeated from N2; tap any group to study it with the forgetting-curve scheduling that times each review to memory.
N1 grammar I
Study these 21 →- 〜をものともせず(に) (undaunted by / in defiance of)彼は度重なる失敗をものともせず、研究を続けた。Undaunted by his repeated failures, he continued his research.
- 〜をよそに (in disregard of / ignoring)住民の反対をよそに、ダムの建設が進められた。Ignoring the residents' opposition, construction of the dam was pushed forward.
- 〜んばかり(に/だ/の) (as if about to / almost)彼女は今にも泣き出さんばかりの表情で立ち尽くしていた。She stood frozen with an expression as if she were about to burst into tears.
- 〜ばかりに (simply because / all because)一言よけいなことを言ったばかりに、彼の信頼を失ってしまった。All because I said one unnecessary thing, I ended up losing his trust.
- 〜たりとも〜ない (not even a single / not even one)一瞬たりとも気を抜くことは許されない。We are not permitted to let our guard down for even a single moment.
- 〜とあって (given that / because of the special circumstance)連休とあって、観光地はどこも人でにぎわっていた。Being a consecutive holiday, every tourist spot was bustling with people.
- 〜とあれば (if it is the case that / if it's for)子供のためとあれば、どんな苦労もいとわない。If it is for my child, I will not mind any hardship whatsoever.
- 〜ところを (at a time when / despite the situation)お忙しいところを、わざわざお越しいただき恐縮です。I am much obliged that you went out of your way to come, despite being so busy.
- 〜ずにはおかない (will inevitably / cannot help but cause)彼の率直な発言は、聴衆に強い印象を与えずにはおかなかった。His frank remarks could not but leave a strong impression on the audience.
- 〜を禁じ得ない (cannot suppress / cannot help feeling)あの悲惨な光景には、誰もが涙を禁じ得なかった。No one could hold back their tears at that tragic sight.
- 〜に堪えない (cannot bear to / not worth)彼の無責任な言い訳は、聞くに堪えないものだった。His irresponsible excuses were not worth listening to.
- 〜きらいがある (tends toward / has the unfortunate tendency)彼は物事を悲観的に考えるきらいがある。He has a tendency to think about things pessimistically.
- 〜の至り (the height of / nothing short of)このような賞をいただき、光栄の至りでございます。To receive such an award is the greatest of honors.
- 〜の極み (the extreme of / the utmost)客の前であのような対応をするとは、失礼の極みだ。To behave like that in front of a customer is the height of rudeness.
- 〜始末だ (end up in a sorry state / it has come to the point that)計画はずさんで、最後には資金が尽きる始末だった。The plan was sloppy, and in the end it came to the point of running out of funds.
- 〜羽目になる (end up in a bad situation / get stuck having to)終電を逃して、深夜に歩いて帰る羽目になった。I missed the last train and ended up having to walk home in the middle of the night.
- 〜まじき (unbecoming / that must not be done)それは教育者としてあるまじき行為だ。That is conduct unbecoming of an educator.
- 〜にかたくない (it is not hard to / one can easily)遺族の悲しみは想像にかたくない。The grief of the bereaved family is not hard to imagine.
- 〜を余儀なくされる (be forced to / have no choice but)資金不足により、事業は撤退を余儀なくされた。Due to a lack of funds, the business was forced to withdraw.
- 〜べく (in order to / with the intention of)真相を究明すべく、調査委員会が設けられた。An investigative committee was established in order to get to the bottom of the truth.
- 〜べくもない (there is no way to / cannot possibly)一介の社員に、その決定の理由など知るべくもなかった。A mere employee had no way of knowing the reasons behind that decision.
N1 grammar II
Study these 21 →- 〜ながらに(して) (while remaining / as one is)今では家にいながらにして世界中の商品が買える。These days you can buy products from all over the world while staying at home.
- 〜いかんで(は) (depending on / according to)今後の交渉のいかんでは、契約が白紙に戻ることもある。Depending on the upcoming negotiations, the contract may be scrapped entirely.
- 〜いかんによらず／いかんにかかわらず (regardless of / irrespective of)理由のいかんによらず、遅刻は遅刻として扱われる。Regardless of the reason, being late is treated as being late.
- 〜であれ〜であれ (whether ... or ...)賛成であれ反対であれ、まずは意見を表明すべきだ。Whether you are for or against, you should first state your opinion.
- 〜たる(者) (one who is / in one's capacity as)指導者たる者、常に部下の手本でなければならない。One who is a leader must always be a model for their subordinates.
- 〜とは (the very fact that / to think that)まさか彼が裏切るとは、夢にも思わなかった。To think that he would betray us — I never dreamed of it.
- 〜ともなると／ともなれば (when it comes to / once you become)管理職ともなると、自分の仕事だけ考えるわけにはいかない。Once you become a manager, you can't just think about your own work alone.
- 〜にあって (in / under the circumstances of)戦時下にあって、人々は希望を捨てずに生き抜いた。Under wartime conditions, the people survived without abandoning hope.
- 〜と相まって (coupled with / combined with)円安が原油高と相まって、物価は急激に上昇した。The weak yen, coupled with high crude oil prices, caused prices to rise sharply.
- 〜こととて (because of / since it is the case that)慣れぬこととて、ご迷惑をおかけするかもしれません。As I am not accustomed to this, I may end up causing you trouble.
- 〜とはいえ (although / even though that is so)春とはいえ、朝晩はまだ肌寒い。Although it is spring, the mornings and evenings are still chilly.
- 〜ものを (if only / and yet)早く言ってくれれば手伝ったものを。If only you had told me sooner, I would have helped you.
- 〜が早いか (as soon as / no sooner than)ベルが鳴るが早いか、生徒たちは教室を飛び出した。No sooner had the bell rung than the students dashed out of the classroom.
- 〜や否や (the moment that / as soon as)彼は席に着くや否や、堰を切ったように話し始めた。The moment he took his seat, he began to talk as if a dam had burst.
- 〜なり (the instant / right after)母は私の顔を見るなり、安心したように泣き出した。The instant my mother saw my face, she burst into tears as if relieved.
- 〜そばから (no sooner ... than / as fast as)教わるそばから忘れてしまうので、なかなか覚えられない。I forget as soon as I'm taught, so I just can't seem to memorize it.
- 〜限りだ (extremely / nothing could be more)せっかくの旅行が中止になり、残念な限りだ。The long-awaited trip was cancelled — nothing could be more disappointing.
- 〜極まる／極まりない (utterly / in the extreme)あの運転は危険極まりない行為だ。That driving was an act that was dangerous in the extreme.
- 〜ずくめ (entirely / nothing but)今年は結婚に昇進と、いいことずくめの一年だった。With marriage and a promotion, this year was one full of nothing but good things.
- 〜めく (to show signs of / to take on the air of)三月に入り、ようやく春めいてきた。Now that March has arrived, it has finally begun to feel like spring.
- 〜ごとし／ごとき／ごとく (like / as if)光陰矢のごとし、月日の経つのは本当に早い。Time flies like an arrow; the passing of days and months is truly swift.
N1 grammar III
Study these 21 →- 〜にして (only because one is / not until)この境地は、長年修行を積んだ者にして初めて到達できる。This state of mind can only be reached by one who has trained for many years.
- 〜にもまして (more than ever / even more than)今年は例年にもまして猛暑が厳しい。This year the intense heat is even more severe than in ordinary years.
- 〜であれ (no matter what / even if)どんな理由であれ、暴力は決して許されない。No matter what the reason, violence is never permissible.
- 〜ないまでも (even if not ... at least)毎日とは言わないまでも、週に一度は運動した方がいい。Even if not every day, you should at least exercise once a week.
- 〜ないものでもない (it's not impossible that / could possibly)条件次第では、その案を検討しないものでもない。Depending on the conditions, it's not as if we wouldn't consider that proposal.
- 〜たところで (even if / no matter how much)今さら謝ったところで、失った信用は戻らない。Even if you apologize now, the trust you lost won't come back.
- 〜とて (even / even if)専門家とて、未来を完全に予測できるわけではない。Even experts cannot perfectly predict the future.
- 〜あっての (only possible because of / which owes its existence to)お客様あっての商売だということを忘れてはならない。We must not forget that there is no business without customers.
- 〜ならでは(の) (distinctive of / only possible for)これは熟練の職人ならではの技だ。This is a skill that only a seasoned craftsman could possess.
- 〜をおいて (other than / apart from)この大役を任せられるのは、彼をおいて他にいない。There is no one other than him who can be entrusted with this important role.
- 〜をもって (by means of / as of / with)本日の営業をもって、当店は閉店いたします。As of the close of business today, our store will be shutting down.
- 〜にして (both ... and — appositive)彼は優れた学者にして、卓越した経営者でもある。He is both an outstanding scholar and an exceptional businessman.
- 〜が最後／たら最後 (once ... then inevitably)彼は一度話し始めたが最後、誰にも止められない。Once he starts talking, there's no stopping him.
- 〜ものなら (if you ever / if one could)戻れるものなら、あの頃に戻ってやり直したい。If I could go back, I'd want to return to those days and start over.
- 〜ようが／まいが (whether or not / regardless of whether)他人が何と言おうが、私は自分の信念を貫く。No matter what others say, I will hold firm to my own convictions.
- 〜が／であろうが〜が／であろうが (whether ... or ...)雨だろうが嵐だろうが、試合は予定通り行われる。Whether it rains or storms, the match will be held as scheduled.
- 〜にひきかえ (in contrast to / unlike)兄が社交的なのにひきかえ、弟はひどく内気だ。In contrast to the sociable older brother, the younger one is terribly shy.
- 〜にもほどがある (there is a limit to / goes too far)冗談にもほどがある。あの発言は明らかに失礼だ。There's a limit to joking around — that remark was clearly rude.
- 〜とばかりに (as if to say / as though)彼女は出て行けとばかりに、ドアを指さした。She pointed at the door as if to say, "Get out."
- 〜たる〜 (in the manner befitting / dignified as)堂々たる態度で、彼は壇上に立った。With an imposing, dignified manner, he stood on the stage.
- 〜きっての (the foremost / the very best in)彼はこの地方きっての名医として知られている。He is known as the finest doctor in this region.
N1 grammar IV
Study these 21 →- 〜ともなく／ともなしに (without really / unconsciously)見るともなく窓の外を眺めていたら、彼の姿が目に入った。As I was gazing absentmindedly out the window, his figure caught my eye.
- 〜にたえる／にたえない (worth doing / unbearable)この作品は何度も鑑賞にたえる傑作だ。This work is a masterpiece worth appreciating again and again.
- 〜にかこつけて (using ... as a pretext / on the pretext of)彼は出張にかこつけて、観光を楽しんでいるらしい。It seems he's enjoying sightseeing under the pretext of a business trip.
- 〜をかわきりに (starting with / beginning from)東京公演を皮切りに、全国ツアーが始まった。Starting with the Tokyo show, the nationwide tour began.
- 〜にかまけて (being preoccupied with / absorbed in)仕事にかまけて、家族との時間をおろそかにしていた。Being absorbed in work, I had been neglecting time with my family.
- 〜ともあろう (someone as ... as / a person of such standing)大臣ともあろう人が、そんな軽率な発言をするとは。To think that someone who is a government minister, of all people, would make such a careless remark.
- 〜ずにはすまない／ないではすまない (cannot get away without / must inevitably)これだけ迷惑をかけたのだから、謝罪せずにはすまないだろう。Having caused this much trouble, you won't get away without apologizing.
- 〜までだ／までのことだ (will simply / nothing more than)断られたら、また別の方法を考えるまでのことだ。If we're refused, we'll simply think of another method, that's all.
- 〜とは言うものの (having said that / although that may be true)やると約束した。とは言うものの、正直なところ自信はない。I promised I'd do it. Having said that, to be honest I have no confidence.
- 〜こそすれ (certainly does ... but / will only ... not)彼の努力は称賛されこそすれ、非難される筋合いはない。His efforts deserve only praise, not criticism.
- 〜であれ何であれ (whether it be ... or anything)仕事であれ何であれ、引き受けた以上は責任を持つべきだ。Whether it's work or anything else, once you take it on you should be responsible for it.
- 〜にもかかわらず (despite / in spite of)悪天候にもかかわらず、大勢の観客が集まった。Despite the bad weather, a large crowd of spectators gathered.
- 〜であるがゆえに (precisely because / for the very reason that)彼は完璧主義者であるがゆえに、かえって決断が遅れがちだ。Precisely because he is a perfectionist, his decisions tend to be delayed.
- 〜をして (make / cause someone to)その光景は、見る者をして言葉を失わせた。That sight left those who saw it at a loss for words.
- 〜にかぎったことではない (is not limited to / not just the case with)人手不足は、何もこの業界に限ったことではない。The labor shortage is by no means limited to this industry.
- 〜ことなしに (without / unless)痛みを伴うことなしに、改革を成し遂げることはできない。Reform cannot be accomplished without accompanying pain.
- 〜ながらも (although / even while)彼は貧しいながらも、いつも前向きに生きていた。Although he was poor, he always lived with a positive outlook.
- 〜くらいなら (rather than / if it comes to that, better to)中途半端にやるくらいなら、いっそ何もしない方がましだ。Rather than doing it halfway, it's better to do nothing at all.
- 〜が手伝って (helped along by / aided by)好天が手伝って、イベントは大成功に終わった。Aided by the fine weather, the event ended in great success.
- 〜の限りを尽くす (to the utmost / exhaust every)彼らはぜいたくの限りを尽くした生活を送っていた。They led a life of the utmost extravagance.
- 〜にかぎる (nothing beats / the best thing is)疲れたときは、ゆっくり風呂に入るに限る。When you're tired, nothing beats taking a long, relaxing bath.
N1 grammar V
Study these 21 →- 〜と思いきや (just when I thought / contrary to expectation)試験は簡単だと思いきや、最後の問題で大いに苦戦した。Just when I thought the exam would be easy, I struggled greatly with the last question.
- 〜までもない (no need to / it goes without saying)そんな簡単なことは、わざわざ説明するまでもない。There is no need to go out of one's way to explain something so simple.
- 〜には及ばない (there is no need to / not as far as)ご足労いただくには及びません。こちらから伺います。There is no need for you to take the trouble of coming; I will visit you instead.
- 〜はおろか (let alone / not to mention)彼は漢字はおろか、ひらがなさえまともに書けない。Let alone kanji, he cannot even write hiragana properly.
- 〜すら (even / not even)あまりの忙しさに、昼食をとる時間すらなかった。I was so busy that I did not even have time to eat lunch.
- 〜だに (even / merely)あの大地震のことは、想像するだに恐ろしい。That massive earthquake is terrifying merely to imagine.
- 〜であろうと (no matter / even if it be)たとえ社長であろうと、規則を破ることは許されない。No matter if it is the company president, breaking the rules is not permitted.
- 〜はいざ知らず (I don't know about / setting aside the case of)昔はいざ知らず、今のこの会社にそんな余裕はない。I don't know about the past, but this company today has no such leeway.
- 〜はさておき (setting aside / leaving aside)冗談はさておき、そろそろ本題に入りましょう。Setting jokes aside, let's get down to the main topic soon.
- 〜かたがた (while also / combined with)先日のお礼かたがた、近況をご報告いたします。While also thanking you for the other day, I would like to report on my recent situation.
- 〜かたわら (while / alongside)彼は会社に勤めるかたわら、小説を書き続けている。Alongside working at a company, he continues to write novels.
- 〜がてら (while doing / on the occasion of)散歩がてら、近所の本屋に立ち寄った。While taking a walk, I dropped by the neighborhood bookstore.
- 〜ゆえ(に) (because of / owing to — literary)経験が浅いゆえに、彼は重大な判断を誤った。Owing to his lack of experience, he made a grave error in judgment.
- 〜つつ(も) (even though / while — concessive)体に悪いと知りつつも、彼は喫煙をやめられない。Even though he knows it is bad for his health, he cannot quit smoking.
- 〜に足る (worthy of / sufficient to)彼こそ、この大役を任せるに足る人物だ。He is precisely the person worthy of being entrusted with this important role.
- 〜に即して (in accordance with / in line with the facts)理想論ではなく、現実に即して対策を考えるべきだ。Rather than idealism, we should devise measures in line with reality.
- 〜に則って (in conformity with / following the rules)選考は定められた規定に則って公正に行われた。The selection was conducted fairly in conformity with the established regulations.
- 〜なりとも (at least / even just)ひと目なりとも、もう一度あの人に会いたい。Even just for one glimpse, I want to see that person one more time.
- 〜をいいことに (taking advantage of / exploiting)親が留守なのをいいことに、子供たちは夜更かしをした。Taking advantage of their parents being away, the children stayed up late.
- 〜ばこそ (precisely because — emphatic positive)君のことを思えばこそ、あえて厳しいことを言うのだ。It is precisely because I care about you that I dare to say such harsh things.
- 〜てやまない (cannot stop / sincerely — for emotions)皆様のご活躍を心から願ってやみません。I sincerely and unceasingly wish for everyone's success.
N1 grammar VI
Study these 21 →- 〜でなくてなんだろう (if this isn't ..., what is / surely this is)見ず知らずの他人のために命をかける、これが勇気でなくてなんだろう。To risk one's life for a complete stranger — if this isn't courage, what is?
- 〜たるや (as for / when it comes to — emphatic)その料理の量たるや、一人ではとても食べきれないほどだった。As for the sheer quantity of that dish, it was far too much for one person to finish.
- 〜の念を禁じ得ない (cannot suppress a feeling of)彼の献身的な働きには、敬意の念を禁じ得ない。I cannot suppress a feeling of respect for his devoted work.
- 〜ずにはいられない (cannot help but / cannot stop oneself)あの映画のラストには、誰もが涙せずにはいられないだろう。At the ending of that film, surely no one can help but shed tears.
- 〜ないではいられない (cannot help but / cannot refrain from)困っている人を見ると、手を差し伸べないではいられない。When I see someone in trouble, I cannot help but lend a hand.
- 〜こそあれ (there may be ... but / although there is)多少の差こそあれ、誰もが同じような不安を抱えている。There may be slight differences, but everyone harbors the same sort of anxiety.
- 〜ては(いられない) (cannot afford to keep / no time for)締め切りが迫っているのだから、のんびりしてはいられない。The deadline is approaching, so I cannot afford to take it easy.
- 〜をもってしても (even with / even by means of)最新の医療技術をもってしても、彼の命は救えなかった。Even with the latest medical technology, his life could not be saved.
- 〜にしてからが (even ... / starting with even)専門家にしてからが意見が分かれるのだから、素人に分かるはずがない。Even the experts are divided in opinion, so there is no way laypeople could understand.
- 〜ようによっては (depending on how / in a certain light)彼の発言は、聞きようによっては嫌味にも取れる。Depending on how you hear it, his remark could even be taken as a sarcastic jab.
- 〜とは比べものにならない (cannot be compared with / no comparison)今年の業績は、不振だった去年とは比べものにならないほど好調だ。This year's performance is so strong that it cannot be compared with last year's slump.
- 〜を口実に (under the pretext of / using as an excuse)彼は出張を口実に、地元の名物を食べ歩いている。Using his business trip as an excuse, he goes around eating the local specialties.
- 〜ながらに(の) (as it is / unchanged — fixed form)この村には、昔ながらの美しい街並みが残っている。In this village, the beautiful old townscape remains just as it was long ago.
- 〜を皮切りに (starting with / kicking off from)東京公演を皮切りに、全国ツアーが始まった。Kicking off with the Tokyo concert, the nationwide tour began.
- 〜が／の手前 (given that ... / out of consideration for appearances)大口をたたいた手前、今さら後には引けない。Having boasted so loudly, I cannot back down now for the sake of appearances.
- 〜にかかわる (a matter of / affecting gravely)これは会社の信用にかかわる重大な問題だ。This is a grave problem that affects the company's credibility.
- 〜た拍子に (at the (unintended) moment of / just as)立ち上がった拍子に、机の角に頭をぶつけてしまった。Just as I stood up, I ended up hitting my head on the corner of the desk.
- 〜にして初めて (only after / not until — emphatic)親になって初めて、親のありがたみが分かった。It was not until I became a parent that I understood my parents' kindness.
- 〜とは知らず(に) (without knowing that)彼が病気だとは知らず、ひどいことを言ってしまった。Without knowing that he was ill, I ended up saying something terrible.
- いざ〜となると／となれば (when it comes to actually / when the time comes)いざ本番となると、練習どおりにはいかないものだ。When it comes to the actual performance, things never go quite as they did in practice.
- 〜にかぎらず (not limited to / regardless of)この施設は会員にかぎらず、誰でも自由に利用できる。This facility is open for anyone to use freely, not limited to members.
N1 grammar VII
Study these 21 →- 〜が関の山 (the most one can manage / at best)今の予算では、せいぜい中古車を買うのが関の山だ。On the current budget, buying a used car is about the most we can manage at best.
- 〜ないとも限らない (it's not impossible that / there's a chance)急に雨が降らないとも限らないから、傘を持っていきなさい。There's a chance it might suddenly rain, so take an umbrella with you.
- 〜ものと思われる (it is presumed that / appears to be — formal)事故の原因は整備不良によるものと思われる。The cause of the accident is presumed to be due to poor maintenance.
- 〜ともなく〜 (vaguely / aimlessly — paired with same verb)どこからともなく、子供たちの笑い声が聞こえてきた。From somewhere or other, the laughter of children came drifting in.
- 〜なくして(は) (without / not without)皆様のご支援なくして、この成功はあり得なかった。Without all of your support, this success could never have come about.
- 〜ところを見ると (judging from the fact that)電気が消えているところを見ると、彼はもう帰ったのだろう。Judging from the fact that the lights are off, he must have already gone home.
- 〜ならいざ知らず (it would be one thing if ... but)新人ならいざ知らず、ベテランがこんなミスをするとは。It would be one thing if it were a newcomer, but for a veteran to make such a mistake...
- 〜ゆえの (resulting from / born of — literary noun-modifying)それは若さゆえの過ちだったと、今では思える。I can now see that it was a mistake born of youth.
- 〜というものだ (that is what one calls / it can be said that)困ったときに助け合ってこそ、友情というものだ。Helping each other in times of trouble — that is what one calls true friendship.
- 〜にあるまじき (unbecoming of / improper for one's position)それは公務員にあるまじき不適切な発言だ。That is an inappropriate remark unbecoming of a public servant.
- 〜をおして (despite / braving — adversity)彼女は病をおして、舞台に立ち続けた。Braving her illness, she continued to stand on the stage.
- 〜ところがある (there is an aspect of / somewhat)彼の説明には、やや独りよがりなところがある。There is something somewhat self-satisfied about his explanation.
- 〜とは裏腹に (contrary to / in opposition to)彼は厳しい言葉とは裏腹に、誰よりも部下思いだ。Contrary to his harsh words, he cares for his subordinates more than anyone.
- 〜を顧みず (without regard for / disregarding)彼は身の危険を顧みず、子供を助けに川へ飛び込んだ。Without regard for the danger to himself, he jumped into the river to save the child.
- 〜ともすれば／ともすると (tend to / be apt to)一人暮らしだと、ともすれば食生活が乱れがちになる。Living alone, one's eating habits are apt to become irregular.
- 今にして思えば (looking back now / now that I think of it)今にして思えば、あの選択は間違っていなかった。Looking back now, that choice was not mistaken after all.
- 〜と思うと／思ったら (just when / no sooner than)空が暗くなったと思ったら、突然激しい雨が降り出した。No sooner had the sky darkened than a fierce rain suddenly began to fall.
- 〜ことだし (since / given that — soft reason)天気もいいことだし、久しぶりに公園でも散歩しよう。Since the weather is nice, let's take a walk in the park for the first time in a while.
- 〜であろうと〜であろうと (whether ... or ... — paired)雨であろうと雪であろうと、試合は予定通り行われる。Whether it rains or snows, the match will be held as scheduled.
- 〜にかかっている (depends on / hinges on)計画が成功するかどうかは、君の努力にかかっている。Whether the plan succeeds or not hinges on your effort.
- 〜の一途をたどる (steadily continue to / follow a one-way path of)この地域の人口は、減少の一途をたどっている。The population of this region is steadily continuing to decline.
N1 grammar VIII
Study these 21 →- 〜屈指の (one of the foremost / leading)彼は国内屈指の脳外科医として知られている。He is known as one of the country's foremost brain surgeons.
- 〜をなおざりにして (neglecting / making light of)彼は本業をなおざりにして、趣味にばかり熱中している。Neglecting his main job, he is absorbed only in his hobbies.
- 〜の余地がない (there is no room for)彼の有罪は、もはや疑いの余地がない。There is no longer any room for doubt about his guilt.
- 〜ても始まらない (it's no use / pointless even if)今さら後悔しても始まらない。前を向くしかない。It's no use regretting it now; we have no choice but to look ahead.
- 〜にこしたことはない (there's nothing better than / it's best to)用心するにこしたことはないから、戸締まりはしっかりと。There's nothing better than being cautious, so lock up securely.
- 〜ずじまい (ended up not doing / without ever)結局、彼には一度も会えずじまいだった。In the end, I never did get to meet him even once.
- 〜を機に (taking the opportunity of / on the occasion of)退職を機に、長年の夢だった世界一周の旅に出た。Taking the opportunity of retirement, I set out on the round-the-world trip I had long dreamed of.
- 言わずもがな (needless to say / better left unsaid)結果は言わずもがな、彼の圧勝に終わった。The result, needless to say, ended in his overwhelming victory.
- 〜には当たらない (there is no need to / it doesn't warrant)彼ほどの実力者なら、あの程度の成功は驚くには当たらない。For someone as capable as he is, success of that level does not warrant surprise.
- 〜を踏まえて (based on / taking into account)前回の反省を踏まえて、今回は入念に準備を行った。Taking into account the lessons of last time, we prepared meticulously on this occasion.
- 〜ならまだしも (if ... that would be one thing, but)一度ならまだしも、同じ過ちを三度も繰り返すとは。Once would be one thing, but to repeat the same mistake three times...
- 〜をはばかって (refraining out of deference / out of reluctance)周囲の目をはばかって、彼は本音を口にしなかった。Out of deference to the eyes of those around him, he did not voice his true feelings.
- 〜をかぎりに (as of / from ... onward no more)今日をかぎりに、たばこはきっぱりとやめると決めた。As of today, I have decided to quit smoking once and for all.
- 〜とは打って変わって (in complete contrast to / a total change from)昨日とは打って変わって、今日は穏やかな天気になった。In complete contrast to yesterday, today turned out to be calm weather.
- 〜をはじめ(として) (starting with / including notably)今回の式典には、社長をはじめ多くの幹部が出席した。Many executives, starting with the president, attended this ceremony.
- 〜の感がある (one gets the impression / there is a sense of)彼の議論は、やや時代遅れの感が否めない。One cannot deny the impression that his argument is somewhat behind the times.
- 〜をいとわず (not minding / without sparing oneself)彼は危険をいとわず、最前線で取材を続けた。Not minding the danger, he continued reporting on the front lines.
- 〜なしには(済まない) (cannot do without / not without)この問題は、当事者の歩み寄りなしには解決し得ない。This problem cannot be resolved without compromise from the parties involved.
- 〜にかかると／かかれば (in the hands of / when it comes to)あの名コーチにかかると、平凡な選手も一流に育つ。In the hands of that great coach, even an ordinary athlete grows into a first-rate player.
- 〜いかんを問わず (regardless of / irrespective of)理由のいかんを問わず、遅刻は遅刻として扱われる。Regardless of the reason, a late arrival is treated as a late arrival.
- 〜となると (when it comes to / if it comes down to)旅行は好きだが、一人で海外となると少し不安だ。I like traveling, but when it comes to going abroad alone, I'm a little anxious.
N1 grammar in context
Study these 20 →- 周囲の反対＿、彼女は単身で被災地へ向かい、救援活動の先頭に立った。をものともせずUndaunted by the opposition around her, she headed alone to the disaster area and led the relief effort.
- 業績の急激な悪化により、その老舗企業は工場の閉鎖＿。を余儀なくされたDue to the sudden deterioration in performance, the long-established company was forced to close its factory.
- 観客は、今にも泣き出さ＿表情で舞台を見つめていた。んばかりのThe audience gazed at the stage with expressions as if they were about to burst into tears.
- 今後の対応＿、両国の関係は大きく改善する可能性もある。いかんではDepending on how the future response goes, there is a possibility that relations between the two countries will improve significantly.
- この料理には、長年研鑽を積んだ職人＿繊細な味わいがある。ならではのThis dish has a delicate flavor that only a craftsman with years of accumulated training can produce.
- 一国の指導者＿者は、自らの言葉に責任を持たねばならない。たるOne who is the leader of a nation must take responsibility for their own words.
- 彼の議論は、結論を急ぐあまり細部を軽視する＿がある。きらいHis arguments have a tendency to neglect the details because he is too hasty in reaching conclusions.
- 彼の長年の献身的な功績は、最高位の勲章を受ける＿ものだ。に足るHis many years of devoted achievement are worthy of receiving the highest order of merit.
- 終業のベルが鳴る＿、生徒たちは一斉に教室を飛び出していった。が早いかThe moment the closing bell rang, the students dashed out of the classroom all at once.
- 祖父は私の顔を見る＿、堰を切ったように昔の思い出を語り始めた。なりThe instant my grandfather saw my face, he began pouring out old memories as if a dam had burst.
- あなたの将来を真剣に案じている＿、あえて厳しいことを言うのです。ばこそIt is precisely because I am seriously worried about your future that I dare to say such harsh things.
- 故郷の自然と、そこで暮らす人々の温かさを、私は今でも愛して＿。やまないEven now, I love the nature of my hometown and the warmth of the people who live there without end.
- ひとたび戦争が始まれば、傷つくのは何の罪もない市民に＿。ほかならないOnce a war begins, the ones who get hurt are none other than innocent civilians.
- これほど大規模な不正が、現場の社員だけで行える＿。はずがないThere is no way that fraud on this scale could have been carried out by frontline employees alone.
- 再三にわたる警告を無視し続けた＿、彼はついに資格を剥奪された。あげくAfter repeatedly ignoring the warnings again and again, he was finally stripped of his license.
- 一度署名してしまった＿、契約を一方的に破棄することはできない。が最後Once you have signed, you cannot unilaterally cancel the contract.
- 国の代表＿、彼女は重圧の中でも常に冷静さを失わなかった。ともなるとWhen it comes to being a representative of the nation, she never lost her composure even under intense pressure.
- 彼の無神経な一言は、被災者の心を逆撫でする＿。ものがあるHis insensitive remark had something about it that rubbed the disaster victims the wrong way.
- あれほど周到に準備したのだから、失敗する＿。わけがないSince we prepared so meticulously, there is no reason we should fail.
- 彼が辞表を提出したと聞いて、私はただ驚きを＿。禁じ得なかったOn hearing that he had submitted his resignation, I simply could not suppress my astonishment.
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